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Finally, comprehensive experiments are carried out on the most well-known public gait databases: the CMU, the OU-ISIR, and the CASIA gait database C to demonstrate the recognition performance of the proposed algorithm. The average L 1 norms of the errors are taken as the similarity measure between the dynamics of the training gait patterns and the dynamics of the test gait pattern. By comparing the set of estimators with a test gait pattern whose speed pattern included in the prior training dataset, a set of recognition errors are generated. Prior knowledge of human gait dynamics represented by the constant RBF networks is embedded in the estimators. In the recognition phase, a bank of dynamical estimators is constructed for all the training gait patterns. In order to handle the problem of speed change no matter the variation is small or significantly large, the training patters under different walking speeds constitute a uniform training dataset containing all kinds of gait dynamics of each individual under different walking speeds. Obtained knowledge of approximated gait dynamics is stored in constant RBF networks. In the training phase, human gait dynamics underlying different individuals׳ gaits across different walking speeds are locally accurately approximated by radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. The gait recognition approach consists of two phases: a training phase and a recognition phase. They also can sensitively reflect the variance between gait patterns under different walking speeds. They capture the spatio-temporal characteristics of each individual׳s movement and represent the dynamics of gait motion. Three kinds of silhouette features are selected. In this paper, we present an algorithm via deterministic learning theory to eliminate the effect of walking speed for efficient gait recognition in the lateral view. Comparison experiments have been performed on different image sets, and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs better in both subjective and objective qualities.ĭeformation of gait silhouettes caused by objects under different walking speeds has a significant effect on the performance of gait recognition. Bandpass direction subband coefficients is goted by the cross-contrast. The cross-contrast is obtained by computing the ratio between the local gray mean of bandpass direction subband coefficients and the local gray mean of fused low-frequency subband coefficients. Three maps of visual salient features are constructed based on visual salient features the local energy, the contrast and the gradient respectively, and low-frequency subband coefficients are got by utilizing these visual saliency maps. Original images were decomposed into low frequency subband coefficients and bandpass direction subband coefficients by using the nonsubsampled contourlet transform. To extract and combine the features of the original images, a novel algorithm based on visual salient features and the cross-contrast is proposed in this paper. Hence, an adequate response to poor decisionmaking may have to go beyond fixing individual responsibility to reexamining the formal and informal norms of the organization. The data of this study suggest that errors in decisionmaking are more a matter of organizational forces than individual mistakes. The most common errors were failures to depart from routine roles or procedures in emergency situations. For most situations answers reflected conflicts among these three norms.Įrrors in terms of official policy were related to choices based on common job practices or personal values. For each situation three answers were provided-a decision based on official policy, a decision based on common job practices, and a decision based on personal values.
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Ninety-two court officers responded to decisionmaking situations depicted in narratives of the kind used in civil service tests of practical judgement. This study tested the hypothesis that errors in decisionmaking reflect conflicts among official norms, informal norms, and personal values. In addition, the personal values of individuals have some influence on their decisions. However, organizational research has found that informal norms also play a role in determining the behavior of individuals. Often discretion is guided by official policy statements. Research on criminal justice practitioners has highlighted the role of discretion in decisionmaking.
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